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Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths. It is known primarily from Codex Argenteus dating from the 4th century, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizeable corpus. All others, including Burgundian and Vandalic, are known, if at all, only from proper names that survived in historical accounts.

Facilities
Universal English College (GV Sydney) offers top class facilities to make your stay at our school an enjoyable one. Our modern facilities include:

37 modern, air-conditioned classrooms
Multi-media computer labs (54 computers)
Free email and internet access
Wireless internet access
Large lending library
3 student lounges with vending machines
Science, art and cooking classroom
Table tennis and piano





Student Resource Centre
Our Student Resource Centre holds a large collection of general English language materials, including:
Exam preparation materials (IELTS, Cambridge Exams, TOIEC and more)
Listening practice kits
English language readers
English grammar books and dictionaries
Travel guides and recreational materials
Magazines and newspapers
These materials allow you to work on improving your English skills outside of the classroom. The library is arranged using the dewey decimal system. This is the same as that used at universities and public libraries in Australia so using our library will also assist you if you choose the further studies option.
We have fully qualified library staf who are available to help you find the resources you need.






Computer and IT Facilities
Our two computer rooms have 54 computers with a range of software suitable for course work and personal use. We offer the following services FREE of charge:
Email access to help you to keep in touch with friends and family.
Internet access in the computer rooms.
On campus wireless Internet access for students with their own laptop computers.
Access to facilities to download and save photos from your digital camera onto CD ROM.

Languages in Action is an international organization of language schools providing you with the opportunity to learn a language of your choice at language schools around the world in a wide variety of locations worldwide. Whether you are looking for Spanish courses in Spain or South America, English Courses in England, the USA., Canada, Australia, Ireland, Malta and Scotland or Italian Courses in Italy, we have over 140 schools offering a wide variety of language courses covering the worlds' major languages.(Spanish, English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, Russian and Arabic).

Languages in Action offers something for everyone with language courses to suit all needs, budgets, nationalities and age groups.



Why choose Languages in Action?
1. Courses to Meet Your Needs: We provide individual, group and combination courses, special certification and business language courses in 140 worldwide locations. We also offer language and activity courses such as skiing, cooking, horse riding and even cruise language courses.

2. Language Courses for All Levels: Courses are offered at all levels, and with over 140 schools worldwide, we are sure to have the right course for you whether you are completely new to the language or almost fluent.

3. Established Professional Language Schools: Our language schools have been providing language courses for many years and are established leaders in their field. Most are accredited by their governments and all meet our strict guidelines in providing first class language instruction in a friendly supportive learning environment.

4. Extra Activities: Of course successful language learning not only takes place within the classroom. That's why all of our language schools offer extra activities, where you gain valuable practice using your chosen language.

5. Competitive Fees: We offer some of the most competitive fees available. Our Spanish Courses in South America begin at $95.00 per week, while you can learn Italian in Italy for as little as 160 Euros per week.

6. 100% Customer Service: Should you need assistance in your search for a language course which meets your needs, please contact us and we will help you make the right decision. Our customer service includes pre, during and post course assistance. Languages in Action guarantees your satisfaction.

English Language Company (ELC) is an award winning English language school in Sydney Australia. rnrnVoted Best English Language School Southern Hemisphere in 2007, English Language Company is one of the best known English schools in Australia with students from over 35 countries. rnrnStudents who study English at ELC learn English quickly and effectively following the most innovative and highest quality English language programs available today. rnrnELC is also famous for its study and work programs for working holiday makers and student visa holders. And ELC has a great range of student accommodation options as well as fantastic social activities and site seeing options. rnrnIf you want to study English in Australia and you are looking for high quality courses, study English at ELC.rnrnWe look forward to welcoming you to English Language Company.

GEOS QCE GC gives students the opportunity to combine their English language study with the luxury of living in a beach city!

GEOS QCE GC provides a comprehensive programme of courses for all students of all levels of ability, focussing on improving English speaking, reading, listening and writing skills. GEOS QCE GC has a communicative skills-based approach to all it's English courses. This encourages the student to interact with other students, their teachers and local Australians to improve your English in real-life situations

Intensive General English - All levels
Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) Exam Preparation Course
Cambridge First Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) Exam preparation course
IELTS Exam Preparation Course - Intermediate to Advanced

High School Preparation Program
English for Young Learners - Joey Kangaroo Club
English plus Activities - Koala Club Combo
High School Preparation Course
Study Tour Programs (Holiday, Adventure Programs)

GEOS QCE GC Homestay Program

GEOS QCE GC provides a comprehensive Homestay Program service. The GEOS QCE GC's Homestay Program allows you to experience first hand the culture and the lifestyle of Australian families. You are able to practice your English at home and develop life long friendships with the families.

GEOS QCE GC's Homestay Program families are carefully chosen for their genuine interest in other cultures. Students are placed with GEOS QCE GC Homestay Program families based on their lifestyle and interests. Regular quality-checks are conducted by the GEOS QCE GC Student Services Department. New GEOS QCE GC students receive a GEOS QCE GC's Homestay Program family profile prior to their departure.

Students have the choice of Half Board or Full Board GEOS QCE GC Homestay Program options

Homestay programs provides:
* A full-time accommodation officer
* A homestay family profile before arrival in Australia
* Homestay houses that are close to public transport
* A private bedroom for each student with a bed, desk, lamp, wardrobe and chest of drawers
* Airport limousine pick-up service 24 hours a day
* Hotel and hostel accommodation if required
* A share accommodation information service

GEOS QCE GC can also advise you on other accommodation options to suit your individual needs and budget. Some of the options available to the students are:

Apartments
Hostels
Backpackers

10 reasons why students choose to study at BROWNS: rn rn 1. Family Owned and Operatedrn2. Perfect Location rn3. First-class Facilitiesrn4. High quality Curriculumrn5. Professional Teaching Staffrn6. Small Class Sizes & English Only Policyrn7. Friends from all over the worldrn8. Exciting Activities Programrn9. Carefully chosen Homestay Familiesrn10. Personal Counselling Servicern rn rnrn1. Family Owned and Operated rnFamily Owned and Operated rnNiesha and Richard BROWN are brother and sister as well as the owners of BROWNS English Language School rnThey will make you feel “part of their family” and “at home” rn rnrn2. Perfect Location rnPerfect Location rnBROWNS English Language School is ideally located in Southport , the educational centre of the Gold Coast rnBROWNS is only a 1 minute walk to the library, shops, supermarkets, cafés, movie cinemas, public transport, parks, tennis courts, basketball courts and a 7 minute walk to the beach! rn rnrn3. First-class Facilities rnBROWNS is located on the ground floor of a modern, air-conditioned building rnClassrooms are bright and spacious and have the latest audiovisual equipment used in teaching rnThe comfortable student lounge offers you free high-speed internet and email access, books on various topics of interest, newspapers and magazines rn rnrn4. High Quality Curriculum rnOur results-driven curriculum will provide you with an excellent English Language education rnYou will be placed in a class according to your level and then your progress will be monitored on your individual student record rnAt the end of your course you will receive a certificate documenting your proficiency in the English Language rn rnrn5. Professional Teaching Staff rnAll of our teachers are highly qualified and have achieved exceptional results in helping students learn English rnOur dedicated and professional teaching approach will enable you to quickly achieve your English Language goals rnrnrn6. Small Class Sizes & English Only Policy rnOur average class size is 12 students rnBROWNS has a very strict English Only Policy rn rnrn7. Friends from all over the world rnAt BROWNS you will have the opportunity to meet new friends who come from all over the world rnStudents studying at BROWNS come from over 30 different countries rn rnrn8. Exciting Activities Program rnWe have an exciting selection of social and sports activities for you to choose from! rn rnrn9. Carefully Chosen Homestay Families rnWe take great care to select friendly and caring homestay families rnAll homes are personally inspected and are within 30 minutes from BROWNS by bus rnrnrn10. Personal Counselling Service rnOur School Counsellors are available 24 hours a day to help you with any problems that you may experience while away from home.

The SEA is a small and friendly school located next to Sydney's famous Manly Beach and only 30 minutes by ferry from Sydney's city centre. It offers intensive English courses in small class sizes and a great range of English plus Activities courses all within a beautiful beach side location. We offer intensive General English courses to students on student, tourist or working holiday visas. Our courses focus on spoken English, pronunciation, listening, reading and writing skills. Our aim is to develop your fluency, accuracy and confidence in these areas. We use modern teaching methods including the use of course books, student presentations, videos and roleplays.

RMIT English Worldwide (REW) is a business of RMIT Training Pty Ltd the commercial arm of RMIT University. REW offers a full range of English language services in Australia and overseas.

The REW Australian corporate headquarters is located in the heart of Melbourne opposite the main campus of RMIT University. REW is one of Australia 's most highly regarded English language centres and provides an excellent pathway for further study at RMIT and other universities.

Telephone:
+613 9657 5800

Facsimile:
+613 9663 8504

Street address:
RMIT English Worldwide
Level 6, 393 Swanston Street
Melbourne Vic 3000
Australia

Postal address:
RMIT English Worldwide
PO Box 12058
A'Beckett St
Melbourne Vic 8006
Australia

Why Study At Milton

25 Hours Face-to-Face Teaching Per Week
This is more class time than most schools provide, which means that students get more opportunities to improve their English quickly and get better value for money.

Quality Teaching
Milton College teachers all have university degrees and TESOL qualifications. More than this, however, Milton teachers all have extensive teaching experience, in Australia and around the world, and have a genuine commitment to helping their students.

Quality Courses
Milton College is a member of English Australia (EA) the same association that the main university English language centres belong to. The courses taught at Milton are accredited by the National ELT Accreditation scheme (NEAS), the same accreditation scheme that the main university English language centres have gone through.

A Wide Range of Courses
Milton College offers 7 levels of General English, from complete Beginner to Lower Advanced level. We also offer High School Preparation, with links to all government high schools and some of the most prestigious private schools in Sydney. As well, we have a range of Academic Courses, including 4 levels of IELTS, Cambridge FCE, TOEIC and English for Academic Purposes with direct entry to a range of universities, colleges and TAFE.

Nationality Mix
Milton students come from all over the world, including countries such as Brazil, Japan, Slovakia, Korea, Poland, Thailand, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Vietnam and Taiwan. This encourages students to speak only English at school, as well as gives them the opportunity to make new friends from around the world.

Facilities
Milton College is a modern school. We provide free internet access in both the computer room and the common room, fully equipped kitchens with fridges, microwaves and coffee making facilities, fax and photocopying facilities, and a huge outdoor deck for students to enjoy the beautiful Australian sunshine in the company of their new Milton friends.

Walker Street Campus
Level 1, 53 Walker Street
North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia

Arthur Street Campus
Level 4, 132 Arthur Street
North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia

Tel: +61 2 9955 6884
Fax:+61 2 9955 3386

The Australian College of English is Australia's oldest and largest private English language school. It is famous for the quality of courses it delivers, its fantastic nationality mix and it's spectacular school locations. With 3 schools in Sydeny, 1 in Brisbane and 1 in Perth, ACE offers students an excellent choice of study destinations.

Billy Blue College is a leading education group that operates a number of Australia’s finest private education institutions.

We are committed to providing our students with:
The highest possible standards in education
Outstanding diploma and degree programs that are endorsed by industry
Teaching excellence
A world class learning experience
State-of-the-art learning and campus facilities
A diverse range of education opportunities
Superior employment prospects
All of our Colleges and Institutions strive to:
Be ranked as the number one education provider in their industry
Deliver 100% graduate employment
Utilise highly regarded industry professionals in all their courses
Be ‘customer focused’ in everything they do
Provide exceptional levels of student support
Engage educators who are passionate about their discipline or industry
Educate students who are passionate about their industry and proud of their education experience with us
Our Colleges and Institutions:
Operate uniquely across three sectors – English Language, Vocational and Higher Education
Are recognised as being at the forefront of quality education provision within the various industries that they serve
Are often the first choice for highly qualified and passionate educators and practitioners
Utilise best-practice curriculum, pedagogy, and teaching and learning materials
Provide a challenging, rewarding and fun student environment
Provide world class teaching and learning facilities
Work in partnership or association with leading universities and professional bodies
Guarantee the delivery of quality degree and diploma programs that are independently assessed by official accreditation bodies and affiliated with professional bodies


Billy Blue College – Head Office
171 Pacific Highway, North Sydney NSW 2060, Australia
P.O. Box 728, North Sydney NSW 2059, Australia
Phone: +61 2 9955 1122
Fax: +61 2 9957 1811

Postal Address:
PO Box 728
North Sydney
NSW 2059

Mission Statement
Cambridge International College strives to offer affordable and high quality education in a friendly environment.

Brief information and facilities



Cambridge International College (CIC) is a multi campus English language and Vocational Education and Training (VET) institute based in Melbourne and Adelaide. All campuses are conveniently located in the Central Business District (CBD) of Melbourne and Adelaide, with easy access to public transport.

In addition to being conveniently located, campuses are equipped with modern style classrooms, library resources, student recreational areas including kitchen facilities and computer labs with free access to internet and email. CIC regularly organises extra activities outside of class, which give students the opportunity to discover some of Australia’s most beautiful places. All activities are run by CIC staff members who ensure an English speaking environment at all times. Other activities include Conversation Club, Movie Club, Job Club and group sporting activities.

The atmosphere at CIC is very student friendly. CIC teachers and administration staff are always happy to help students with any problems which they may face and work to make the students feel at home in the CIC family.

The college is a registered Training Provider (RTO) and meets standards agreed to by Federal and State Governments in Australia. The State Government registering authority monitors CIC and subjects it to regular external audits to verify adherence to these standards. CIC is fully compliant with the Australian Qualification and Training Framework (AQTF) standards.CIC also complies with the requirements for registration to provide courses to overseas students as specified in Education Services for Overseas Students (ESOS) Act 2000 and the National Code of Practice 2007 for Registration Authorities and Providers of Education and Training to Overseas Students.

Melbourne

Cambridge International College
422 Little Collins Street
Melbourne
Victoria 3000
Australia

Tel: +61 + 3 9663 4933
Fax: +61 + 3 9663 4922

Adelaide

Cambridge International College
Renaissance Building

119-127 Rundle Mall
Adelaide
South Australia 5000
Australia

Why Study at Carrick Institute of Education?
Carrick Institute of Education is proud to offer two decades of experience, awards, recognition and expertise to ensure students are fully equipped to enter their chosen career. The institute works closely with industry to ensure all training and education programs meet industry standards. Carrick Institute of Education aims to promote an environment which develops the practical skills and personal attitudes to form the foundation for future success.

Carrick Institute of Education’s quality programs include English language and vocational courses. English language courses include General English, High School Preparation, English for Vocational Education, English for Academic Purposes, IELTS Preparation and First Certificate in English. Vocational programs range from a Certificate to Advanced Diploma in Accounting, Human Resources, Business Marketing, Community Welfare Work, Event Management, Hairdressing, Hospitality Management, Commercial Cookery, Patisserie and Tourism Management, which can articulate into degrees with Carrick Higher Education and with recognised Australian universities.

Melbourne - Head Office
Level 4, 246 Bourke Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000
GPO Box 583, Melbourne, VIC 3001
Telephone: +61 3 9650 6877
Facsimile: +61 3 9654 6818
Freecall (within Australia): 1800 642 909

Sydney - Main Campus
Level 2, 100 Market Street Sydney NSW 2000
PO Box Q603 QVB Post Office NSW 1230
Telephone: +61 2 8236 6877
Facsimile: +61 2 8236 6818

Australian Pacific College (APC) is an Australian Government registered ELICOS (English Language Intensive Courses to Overseas Students) and NEAS (National English Language Teaching Accreditation Scheme) accredited centre.

APC offers English, Business and Information Technology courses. Younger students may enrol in our High School Preparation course and/or complete Senior High School at Southern Cross High School (SCHS).

APC is dedicated to Quality, Equity and Advancement in education and is a unique and enjoyable place to study.

Australian Pacific College offers courses in the following:
General English (6 levels)
EAP (English for Academic Purposes)
High School Preparation
IELTS Preparation
Certificate to Advanced Diploma of Business (including Marketing)
Certificate to Diploma in IT
Senior High School - Years 10, 11 and 12 (Southern Cross High School)
Cambridge Examination Preparation (FCE/CAE)

APC School of English
189 Kent Street,
Sydney, NSW

Tel: (61 2) 9251 7000
Fax: (61 2) 9251 7575

The Sunshine Coast is a wonderland of white sand beaches, crystal-clear water, and vast national parks, with a laid-back beach resort lifestyle that attracts visitors from Australia and around the world.

Noosa, located at the Northern end of the Sunshine Coast, is renowned as Australia's most sophisticated resort area. Despite its international reputation for style, living costs in Noosa are far lower than the major cities, and the lifestyle is casual, cosmopolitan and very welcoming to visitors.

Year-round warm weather means that there is no better place in Australia to enjoy an outdoor lifestyle, and with some of Australia's finest beaches, Noosa attracts surfers and other beach lovers from all over the world.

Global Village English Centres

888 Cambie Street
Vancouver, British Columbia (BC)
V6B 2P6 Canada (Map / Local time)

Phone
Fax
Email
+1 604 684 1118
+1 604 684 1117

Sydney English Language Centre (SELC) specialises in teaching English to international students. At SELC, we understand that different students have different needs when it comes to language learning, accommodation, and services. We think you'll find what you're looking for at SELC.






The Right Course For You:
Study and make friends with students from over 30 different countries
A range of English language courses for students 16 years and over
Quality teaching from professional and caring teachers
A High School Preparation course and Placement Service for students interested in completing their high school in Australia
A high level of success in preparing students for the Cambridge, IELTS, TOEFL, and TOEIC exams
A range of direct entry pathways to further study institutions in Australia





Guide for New Students
Find out about your first day at SELC and what happens during the term.



Student Services :
An in-house Accommodation Department offering homestay and other accommodation options
An Academic Counselling Service to assist students who want to do further study in Australia
A lively social activities program
Student Reception is available for students currently studying at SELC and provides a variety of services











Great Locations & Facilities:
A comfortable and attractive learning environment
Located in the heart of Sydney's Eastern Suburbs, only minutes from public transport and excellent shopping
Close also to many famous Sydney tourist landmarks, making it easy to explore the best of Sydney





Easy to Enrol:
Courses start every 4 weeks - see our fees and term dates
You can enrol online, by fax, or e-mail.
And if you have any questions, just ask us!

Address: 19 - 23 Hollywood Avenue
Bondi Junction, Sydney NSW 2022 AUSTRALIA
Postal Address: PO Box 1900
Bondi Junction, Sydney NSW 1355 AUSTRALIA
Telephone: (61-2) 8305 5600
Fax: (61-2) 9389 6977

An English course at SCE is not only about learning the language, but also about learning about new cultures and customs, and about making friends from all the corners of the earth. Our student body comes from countries such as Switzerland, Italy, Japan, Thailand, Brazil, Germany, Korea, Sweden, China, Colombia, Iceland, Argentina and Mongolia, Senegal and many others.

We pride ourselves on creating a welcoming atmosphere that is both supportive and encouraging from the moment we pick you up from the airport and take you to your accommodation, to the time you receive your Achievement Certificates at the end of the course, you, like all students at SCE will feel you have found a home away from home.

Our English courses are of the highest standard delivered by teachers dedicated to their classes. All our teachers are University graduates with specialist qualifications in Teaching English as Second Language. Our policy of Professional Development for our academic staff means that they are constantly updated on the latest methodologies and trends in their field.

Our flexible timetable has also made SCE attractive to people who hold a Tourist or Working Holiday visa, because we can offer part-time, Intensive and Super Intensive studies. General English is be undertaken in the mornings, or our broad range of Options can be undertaken in the afternoons.

Students come to SCE for many different reasons. From the serious student wanting to improve their English before entering University, to the student who wants to study while holidaying in Australia, SCE has a range of programmes to suit most needs.

SCE is not only about serious study, it also offers serious fun. Our services include our own in-house accommodation service placing students in the highest quality homestay or student residences.

Our Activities Officer ensures students always have plenty of things to do on weekends and after school and our Counsellors are always available for any concerns or advice you might require.

So for all theses reasons we can say with pride and confidence

"Sydney College of English - A Great Place to Learn"

We look forward to seeing you too here in Sydney!

35-39 Mountain Street
Broadway Sydney
NSW 2007
Australia

Tel: (+61) 2 9281 5211
Fax: (+61) 2 9281 5208

Reputation

Global College has an international reputation for excellent student service and high quality educational methods. Our curriculum material is set for high international standards.


Programs

The contemporary, practical and relevant content of all Global College courses ensures that students will gain comprehensive and competitive knowledge in their preferred field.


Industry links


Global College has well-established connections with local companies in a wide range of industries. These carefully nurtured relationships enables Global College to include up-to-date and relevant information in our programs and activities.

With our job placement programs students can choose to work at an un-paid job for a reputable institution and get a valuable work experience (internship), or to work at a paid job (up to 20 hrs/week) at a smaller local company



Students


Through our courses students will not only gain competitive knowledge; they will also experience our unique multicultural, sophisticated and harmonious society. Our students are highly educated, most of them (70%) have their university degrees and master degrees from their home country. This way students share in the collective knowledge and experience of their peers.


Teaching methods

All courses are taught at a high level, and consist of face-to-face class work, combined with innovative electronic and interactive teaching methods, 'real-world' case studies and analysis, research and syndicate group work.

Students will acquire skills that can be applied both locally and internationally, gaining a strong overall understanding of issues and strategies for international success.


Student Support

Superior levels of student service and welfare supports are provided to Global College students throughout the duration of their program. Our dedicated, experienced and helpful personnel are committed to assist our students. The Student Welfare officers are speaking several languages (Cantonese, Mandarin, Korean, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, Bengali, Swedish, Hungarian, Greek, Russian etc) for the students' convenience.


Facilities

Global College offers an excellent learning environment for students. Our stat-of-the art facilities include spacious, air-conditioned classrooms, multiple computer labs with Internet connection and multi-media programs, well-equipped library, excellent student recreational areas with kitchen facilities and musical instruments, etc.


Enjoyable Social Activities

Students can join our basketball team, movie club and enjoy parties and picnics at the beach. Global College organizes regular cultural and recreational activities for students such as: international food day, visit to the Sydney Art Gallery, Aqua Park, etc.

Global College, 451 Pitt St, NSW 2000 Australia. CRICOS No: 02173G

Brisbane
Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, Australia's "Sunshine State", is located on the Brisbane river and has a wonderful climate all year round. Attractions such as beaches and rainforests are only an hour away.
The riverside parklands, markets selling a fantastic range of fresh fruits, vegetables and seafood, wooden houses, and cultural centre are favourite attractions within the city.

The School

LSI Brisbane is centrally located in a heritage building in the heart of the city close to public transport, shops and restaurants. It is only a short walk to the sophisticated Queen Street Mall and the heart of Queensland's retail and financial districts. The riverside Botanical Gardens are within easy reach of the school ( see map of school location).

We have pleasant air-conditioned classrooms, a spacious student common room, a computer room with free internet and e-mail access and a learning centre with resource materials. Our leisure programme allows you to practise your English while you enjoy the attractions of sunny Brisbane. We offer sightseeing trips, sports and weekend excursions, and many of the activities are free or low cost.

93 Edward Street
Brisbane
QLD 4001
Tel +61 (0)7 3221 6977
Fax +61 (0)7 3221 6861

Welcome to EIP GROUP! If you’re visiting for the first time, allow us to tell you a little bit about who we are. EIP GROUP is a leading Education provider in South East Queensland, with more than 8000 happy graduates since 2001.

We’re committed to offering our students Australia’s premium lessons and the best educational experience - while also conducting our business in ways that produce social, economic and employment opportunities for our students. We believe it’s possible for you to reach your goal and we are glad to help you get there.



How we created the difference
A Success Story...

The EIP Group (EIP) comprises of three business divisions - Education, Language and Employment. The unique nature of The EIP Group stems from the dynamic nature and creativity of EIP as a whole.

The EIP Group (EIP) evolved from founding CEO Shaun O’Connor’s work as an English teacher and education advisor. After 5 years spent making his impression upon the Japanese Education industry, Shaun started EIP to serve both local and international students on the Gold Coast in "Conversational Lifestyle English" and cultural proficiency. Shaun is a motivator who has a passion for Australia's education and cultural industries.




Shaun O'Connor - CEO
With 14 years experience in the Education Industry, Shaun was familiar with the need for creative thinking. His ability to seek niche markets, select excellent qualified staff and develop successful marketing strategies, has created a company that has produced a new dimension in education and communication skills training. Having worked with teachers and students overseas for many years, Shaun identified a link between student’s natural skills and the skills necessary to succeed in an increasingly competitive and expanding English speaking world.

Level One, 26 Orchid Avenue
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
Australia

Phone: +61 7 5570 6313
Fax: +61 7 5538 8406

English Language Consultancy
Would you like a Private English Teacher to focus on your language needs? ESL Tutoring Services specialises in English as a Second Language (ESL) training to people from non-English speaking backgrounds. We provide professional English language coaching to business employees, students, children, travellers, people seeking Permanent Residency visas, and any non-native English speaker wishing to improve their English.
Speaking and Accent reduction

Accent reduction
Pronunciation
Fluency
Grammar
Not being understood is frustrating. Learn to pronounce difficult sounds, speak with correct word stress and intonation, use strategies to build fluency, learn uses of colloquial English and conversational responses. Turn your frustration into achievement. Build your confidence today!



General English

Writing
Reading
Listening
Grammar
Vocabulary



IELTS

Academic
General
Your tutor will give you strategies, practice exercises and practice tests for gaining your required score.



English for the workplace

Report writing
Presentation skills
Telephone language
Meetings and negotiations

Where else in Australia (or the world) can you study in a truly unique riverfront campus, with the lifestyle and 5 star facilities you would expect at a major university?

Only at Shafston!
The Shafston Top 10

Unique river front location based in the heart of Brisbane city.
A proven academic system that breeds successful students.
Top class, highly qualified and experienced teachers.
Vibrant, cosmopolitan, university lifestyle.
On-campus, 5 star student accommodation.
Full time on-campus student travel centre.
Two great restaurants.
Excellent facilities including several computer labs with on-site IT support staff.
100% face-to-face teaching (no "supervised activities" or "self study" in scheduled class time).
Shafston offers one of the widest range of programs in Australia including preparation classes for all the major English exam systems and a range of highly sought after Diploma programs.
For Higher Education/Diploma Students
Professional Development
Shafston is committed to the Professional development of our teaching team. We regularly hold in-house professional development sessions. In addition we regularly invite leading educators in the field to "teach the teacher" new and innovative teaching methodologies.

Shafston's Alumni Group
All graduating students from Shafston, are eligible to register for membership. By staying in touch with Shafston we will keep you informed about professional development, networking opportunities and other student achievements within your faculty. Shafston's Alumni Group allows for greater opportunity for networking and one-to-one contact with graduates from your area.

For English Language Students
In addition to the above...

Multilingual Staff and Teachers
Here at Shafston we have many staff members who speak several languages including Japanese, Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Portuguese, Thai, Italian, Albanian, French, Yoruba (Africa), Dutch, German, Danish and of course, English! Our Team members can help in just about any language.

Shafston's Teachers
The quality of the teacher is very important. All teachers at Shafston have a post-graduate qualification in English teaching AND lengthy experience in the classroom. Shafston teachers are committed to providing quality instruction and are dedicated to making sure each student reaches his or her true potential. Student feedback is taken very seriously and ensures high teaching standards are maintained. Two teachers are assigned to any one class. This ensures a continuity of teaching and also allows students to experience different teaching styles. Students can request a "one on one" student/teacher conference to get private practical advice on their learning experience.

English Proficiency Testing - On the first day and prior to arrival
Prior to your arrival at Shafston we can send you a test that will accurately assess your current level of English. This is a good way of determining how long you should aim to study. It is also useful for students planning to take exam preparation programs such as the Cambridge Certificates. Please ask us to send a pre-entry test to you.
On your first day at Shafston you will undertake orientation followed by testing in all core skills to ensure you are placed in the class that matches your level of English.

Graduation
At the completion of your course you will be awarded with an English Studies Certificate outlining the course/s you undertook and the level of proficiency you have reached. This is time for celebration. We make sure your last day is fun and rewarding!

46 Thorn Street
Kangaroo Point, Brisbane
Queensland
Australia
4169


(61 7) 3392-1400
(61 7) 3391-0943

Madurese is the spoken language of people from Madura island in Indonesia; it is also spoken on Kangean Islands, Sapudi Islands, and in eastern part of province of East Java. It is classified in the Sundic subgroup of the West Malayo-Polynesian group of the Austronesian languages family. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Roman script is now more commonly used. Number of speakers though shrinking are estimated to be 8-10 million.

Greenlandic is an Eskimo-Aleut language spoken in Greenland. It is closely related to some languages in Canada, such as Inuktitut. Kalaallisut is spoken by about 54,000 people, which is more than all the other Eskimo-Aleut languages combined. The northern dialect, Inuktun or Avanersuaq, spoken around the city of Qaanaaq is particularly closely related to Canadian Inuktitut.

The Makua language is a Bantu language spoken by 5 million Makua people, who live north of the Zambezi River in Mozambique. It is the most important indigenous language of Mozambique.

Bengali is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. With nearly 200 million native speakers, Bengali is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world

The Burmese language is the official language of Myanmar. Although the government officially recognises the language as Myanmar, most continue to refer to the language as Burmese. It is the mother tongue of the Bamar, Rakhine, and other related sub-ethnic groups of the Bamar. Burmese is a member of the Tibeto-Burman languages, which is a subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. It is spoken by 32 million as a first language, and as a second language by minorities in Myanmar. Burmese is a tonal and analytic language. The language utilises the Burmese script, which derives from the Mon script and ultimately from the Brāhmī script.

The Carrier language is a Northern Athabaskan language. It is named after the Dakelh people, a First Nations people of the central interior of British Columbia, Canada, for whom Carrier is the usual English name. People who are referred to as Carrier speak two related languages. One, Babine-Witsuwit'en is sometimes referred to as Northern Carrier. The other, Carrier proper, includes what are sometimes referred to as Central Carrier and Southern Carrier.

Cherokee is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system. It is the only Southern Iroquoian language that remains spoken.

Greek has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language within the Indo-European family. It is also one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages, with fragmentary records in Mycenaean dating back to the 15th or 14th century BC, matched only by the Anatolian languages and Vedic Sanskrit

Kalenjinis a cluster of closely related dialects spoken in Western Kenya and the Rift Valley by about 12% of Kenya's population. The present name for the dialect cluster gained prominense in the late 1940s and the early 1950s, when several Nandi-speaking peoples united to assume the common name 'Kalenjin', a Nandi expression meaning I say. Due to this effort, the peoples were transformed into a major ethnic group in Kenya. The adoption of the name Kalenjin also involved a standardization of the different dialects.

Kashmiri is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated wholly in the Indian Jammu and Kashmir state. It has about 4,611,000 speakers. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is one of the 23 officially recognised languages of India.

Jaya Malayalam, the (supposedly) first website to actually TEACH Malayalam!

HOW IS YOUR STUDY OF MALAYALAM PROGRESSING?? LET ME KNOW!!!

QUESTIONS? COMMENTS? CONCERNS? E-MAIL ME!!!

IF YOU ARE MAINLY LOOKING FOR MY RESEARCH PAPER, PLEASE CLICK ON THE FOLLOWING LINK:

A METHOD FOR ENHANCING SEARCH USING TRANSLITERATION OF MANDARIN CHINESE

You might be interested in seeing my brother's website; it also has quite a bit of interesting information about India! (He also has a link back to my website, so you don't have to click the "Back" button!)

IMPORTANT!!! Make SURE to download Kerala font to read the lessons. IN ORDER TO DO THIS, PLEASE GO HERE: www.jaimalayalam.com/font.htm If you still cannot read the font used on this site, try using Varamozhi. If neither of these work, try using a different browser. (For example, the fonts may not display on Mozilla Firebird. So if you use Mozilla, you might want to use Internet Explorer, Netscape, or Crazy Browser.)

ALSO, if you're using Internet Explorer, Netscape, or Mozilla, you MUST use "User Defined" font by going
Before We Go Anywhere...

Acknowledgements- People I wish to thank

Introduction- Information about Malayalam: what it is, how it got that name, what Kerala is, how Kerala got its name, etc.

FAQ- Not exactly "Frequently Asked Questions," but concerns people have had/may have!

After You Learn the Basic Alphabet...

Pronunciation- You know the letters, but...HOW ON EARTH DO YOU PRONOUNCE THEM?!!

Phonetics- Can you tell how to pronounce /kashTam/ by looking at it? If not, look here!

eLuppamaaya pariikshangngaL- For those who want to quiz themselves over their basic Malayalam letters!

Assorted Info About Malayalam/Kerala/this site

Dialects of Malayalam- On this site, I'm mainly teaching the Central Travancore dialect, which is accepted as Standard Malayalam in Kerala. But what about other dialects, which can be so different?

ØÞÎÞÈc ÕcÞµøâ (Well-Known Grammar)- This page (in Malayalam) explains some already well-known Malayalam grammar rules.

ÉøßµÜíÉÈBZ (Theories)- This page (also in Malayalam) explains Malayalam grammar rules that I found on my own; I seriously doubt there has been any actual written records about these rules.

Advice- Before you go to Kerala, what do you need to know about...well...GOING there?!

Plans for Poetry Sections- Songs and poems that I MIGHT put up eventually!

LESSONS AND INFORMATIVE PAGES!

More letters

Lesson 1- Conjugated letters intro. & double letters chcha, TTa, njnja.

Lesson 2 - Double letters gga, NNa, ppa, SSa, ssa.

Lesson 3 - Double letters ththa, ththha, ddha, nna, mma, LLa.

Lesson 4 - Letters like chcha.

Lesson 5- First non-doubles: nta, ntha, mba.

Lesson 6- Common non-doubles: nka, njcha, NTa

Lesson 7- Rarer non-doubles: gna, NDa, ndha

Lesson 8- Last lesson on conjugated letters: thna, thma, lsa, Nma, thbha, gma

Pazhaya lipi

Lipi- Introduction to pazhaya/puthiya lipi

Pazhaya Lipi Lesson 1- Most consonants + u

Pazhaya Lipi Lesson 2- Gu, chhu, thu, Su, hu

Pazhaya Lipi Lesson 3- Ku, ru

Pazhaya Lipi Lesson 4- Consonants + uu

Pazhaya Lipi Lesson 5- Consonants + ra

Pazhaya Lipi Lesson 6- Last three letters

Pazhaya Lipi Practice- Read and write...

Right Before You Start Actually Learning Malayalam...

Do You Already Know Some Malayalam?- Guess what these Malayalam words (all related to their English equivalents) mean!

Malayalam Language

Lesson 9- After all that hard work, the first Malayalam language lesson: "Greetings!"

Lesson 10- Lesson #2: "How are You?"

Lesson 11- Lesson #3: "Let's Go To My House Now!"

PRACTICE CORNERS

Practice Corner #1- Practice what was learned from lesson 1; alternative letter for chcha (often used in handwriting).

Practice Corner #2- Practice for Lesson 2; alternative letter for ppa (often used in handwriting).

Practice Corner #3- Practice for Lesson 3, short note introducing nta, ntha.

Practice Corner #4- Practice for Lesson 4, ending lesson on double consonants.

Practice Corner #5- Practice for Lesson 5, another 3 letters.

Practice Corner #6- Practice for Lesson 6, another 2 letters.

Practice Corner #7- Another 3 letters, practice for Lesson 7

Practice Corner #8- The "ra/rra," "va," and "ya" signs; continuation to lipi

Malayalam Language

Practice Corner #9- Practice for Lesson 9 (Unit 1)

Practice Corner #10- Practice for Lesson 10 (Unit 2)

Practice Corner #11- Practice for Lesson 11 (Unit 3)

POETRY SECTIONS

Poetry Section #1- First poem by Nambiar (Badelicious! Food) & vocab.

Poetry Section #2- Second poem by Nambiar (Bheema and Hanuman chez Nambiar!), (short?) intro. to Kathakali and Ottamthulli, vocab.

Poetry Section #3- Third poem (by Nambiar?? I don't think so!): Sitayinte Vivaaham (Sita's Marriage)

Sisirakala- The whole lyrics to the movie song

Poetry Section #4- Lyrics & translation to first part of the song

Poetry Section #5- " " " " second " " " "

Poetry Section #6- " " " " third (and final!) " " " "

Thaazhampoo- All of the lyrics to yet another song!

Poetry Section #7- First part of Thaazhampoo

Poetry Section #8- Second part

Poetry Section #9- Third part

Poetry Section #10- FOURTH and final part!!

UNDER CONSTRUCTION!!!

Kuttanum Menavanum

Poetry Section #11- First part of Kuttanum Menavanum

Chemmeen Extra Special Movie: Intro- A rough synopsis of Chemmeen

JOKES! YOOHOO! (?)

Jokes #1- Joke from Sab Ka Laabh Zindabad (strange Hindi-ish play), how a Malayalee spells "moon."

Jokes #2- Grapa Fruita? and The King of Paayasams

Jokes #3- What Was That Supposed To Mean???

Jokes #4- Kozhi (Corey) Is A (")Chicken(")

Jokes #5- Bobanum Moliyum: "Aamukham"

Jokes #6- "The Good, The Bad, and the Very Impatient": piñatas

Jokes #7- Sadharam Movie Summary

Jokes #8- How Many Malayalees Does It Take To Screw In A Light Bulb?

Jokes #9- "Waterfall"

Jokes #10- Paara Magazine: "The Westerner, his wife, and I"

Jokes #11- Cold Tea Doesn't Exist

Jokes #12- Who Said Anything About Communism?!

Jokes #13- As My House Was Muckled, I Chuckled...

Jokes #14- "Brokenlivered"

Jokes #15- Potato River

Jokes #16- Outrageous Prices

Jokes #17- Bland Food

Jokes #18- Indian Names

Jokes #19- Get Me The Cane!

Jokes #20- The Pleasures of Boiled Rice

Jokes #21- "Khasakkstan"

Jokes #22- The Cow in Iraviperoor

Jokes #23- So What Do You Speak Better: Tamil or Gibberish?

Jokes #24- (Don't) Do What Now?!

Jokes #25- ElectriCIty! On...Something Or Other ("Safe"?) :-P

Jokes #26- Hulchul

Jokes #27- One lakh vs. 91 crores

Jokes #28- Fun and fin...ance

Jokes #29- The Odd March

Jokes #30- The Trouble with the Internet

Jokes #31- D'aya, biyu, uku...

Jokes #32- Dating à la Malayalie

Jokes #33- Malayalam is Spelled Just like It's Pronounced...NOT!!!

Jokes #34- Present #1, Present #2...Did I Forget Something?

VEGAM VEGAM MALAYALAM!

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! - "Malayalam Quick Quick!" Going to Kerala? Learn enough Malayalam for survival!

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #2 - The numbers 0-99

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #3 - Numbers (contd.) 100-899

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #4 - Numbers (contd.) 900 and beyond!

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #5- Autorickshaw Phrases

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #6- At the Market I: Essential Food

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #7- Fruits

Vegam Vegam Malayalam! Lesson #8- Vegetables

Ameropa language school was founded in 1991 for providing language teaching services primarily for companies that operate in and around Budapest. By now we have extended our services to other cities in Hungary.
Since the expansion of the Ameropa Group (the establishment of Ameropa Consulting Bt.) we have been offering translation, interpretation and business consulting services to meet the growing customer and market needs.

We are proud of the fact that in the past 15 years we have had a great amount of success:

* Hundreds of satisfied customers that appreciate the work we have done
* MSZN ISO 9001:2001 quality assurance system
* Qualified and recommended Language School (Member of the Professional Association of Language Schools)
* Unique teaching programme
* Various language services


Name: Ameropa Nyelviskola Kft.
Headquarters: H-1117 Budapest, Móricz Zsigmond körtér 14. IV.
Phone, e-mail: +36-1-209-5243,
Company registration number: 01-09-566552/4
VAT number: 12221086-2-43
Adult training registration number: 01-0067-04

My name is Ioannis Patsikas and I am the owner and teacher of a private Greek language school in London. I completed my A levels in Greece and studied Modern Linguistics and Pedagogics at "JW Goethe Universitaet" Frankfurt am Main, Germany. I have lived in England since 1994, writing and presenting cultural programmes for the London Greek Radio (LGR) and Hellenic TV, and lecturing part-time at the University of North London in Greek. I am also member of the Cyprus Educational Mission teaching A Level and GCSE at the "Greek Community Schools in London".

The private lessons have always been my extra job and my hobby, which is the key to their success; a combination of planned and spontaneous action providing a trusting student-teacher relationship, and a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere. The tuition is always tailored to your exact needs at an affordable rate, and lessons can either be at the school or your home or office.

Over the years I have taught Greek to individuals, couples, and groups, to children and adults, and for holidays, pleasure, business, and life! Please visit the testimonials page to hear what some of my students say about their lessons with me!

The Greek Language and Culture Centre offers programs to adult foreigners of every nationality who want to learn modern Greek language, to improve it or to perfect their knowledge of the language and at the same time discover modern Greece from lively teaching methods and also from various activities that the Centre offers out of the classroom.

The programs are addressed to:

Foreigners who love Greece, visit often and want to learn, to communicate in the language of the country.
Foreigners who live and work for a long or a short period of time in Greece.
Students and teachers/lecturers of foreign schools and universities who are studying or teaching ancient or modern Greek language, Greek history and civilization.
Greeks who live abroad.
Translators or interpreters who work or want to work as Greek language translators or interpreters.
Any other person who is interested.


The Greek Language Centre operates in Chania all year long and its specialized courses cover the various needs and the different levels of the poeple who participate.

Since 1969 the Athens Centre has been a focal point for academic and cultural activities in Greece. The Centre's Greek Language program, one of the most prestigious and comprehensive in the world, is offered on a year-round basis.

The Athens Centre's Greek Language courses are recognized by the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education (Hogskoleverket) and CSN.

The Centre cooperates with participating colleges and universities in the United States in programs that emphasize classical, Byzantine, and modern Greek studies. The Athens Centre cultural programs include a touring theatre festival which arranges productions every summer. Special summer workshops are held in poetry, art and modern Greek on the island of Spetses.

The Centre cooperates closely with the Greek Ministry of Culture, the cultural sections of various embassies, the European Union, and other educational and cultural organizations in Greece and overseas. Special recognition is given by the Swedish government for those interested in the modern Greek language program. See details under Modern Greek Language Program and at www.sprakpunkten.se

Here is your chance to learn to speak Greek. These classes are taught by renown professors of the Greek language and cover beginning, intermediate and advanced levels.

Since the Greek Grammar has not changed much since the time of Christ learning to speak modern Greek is a great assistance in Bible Study.

These classes are now offered in several Bay Area locations. Call the number below for more information on class schedules and availability.

Many people learn Greek so that they can read the New Testament in its original language, without having to rely on other people's translations. But why should even beginning students learn at least the Greek alphabet? Even if you don't plan to become a biblical scholar, knowing the Greek alphabet is very helpful for basic biblical research:

It will allow you to use a "Theological Dictionary" or "Greek Lexicon" to learn more about important words and concepts in the New Testament.

It will help you understand that Greek terms often have meanings slightly different from their most common English equivalents (e.g., that logoV is much more than a just a single "word"; that filoV and eroV and agaph refer to different types of "love").

It will allow you to make connections between different words and concepts (e.g., knowing that "angel" and "evangelist" and "messenger" and "Gospel" are all related to the Greek aggeloV).

It will even help you learn more English vocabulary, by figuring out the meanings of compound words like "philanthropy" or "cosmology" or "patristic exegesis."

Of course, it will also be useful for studying science and mathematics, or for joining fraternities and sororities!

The Center for Applied Linguistics and Language Studies of the Hellenic American Union offers a full range of courses in Modern Greek. It also administers Examinations for the Certificate of Attainment in Modern Greek, develops and publishes materials and textbooks for learning Modern Greek, and offers teacher education programs.

Greek Language Courses
Εducational Events
Hellas Alive!
Learning Greek Podcasts
Examinations for the Certificate of Attainment in Modern Greek
Teacher Training
Publications
Course Schedule

Learning Greek online, makes Biblical and classical langauge learning possible no matter where you live. Not only does this online education bring professional instruction directly into your home, it also enables students from all over to meet and encourage one another. These online courses may be classified as "distance education", but given the audio and visual componentes it is nothing like a traditional distance education course.

To our knowledge, there is no other Greek course offered online that has live audio and visual classes. Students hear live lectures each week, taught directly to them and are able to ask questions and hear the other's questions during the lecture. They also see demonstrations as the instructor draws them on the live online whiteboard. Students have the opportunity to speak biblical Greek which each other and can even form additional study groups when they can meet and practice their homework exercises together.

Discover 3 good reasons why you should visit Greenland in winter time:


Dogsledding
Riding a dog sled in Greenland is an experience for life.
The Aurora Borealis
Experience nature's spectacular phenomena, the Northern Lights.
Heliskiing in West Greenland
A unique, mountainous landscape makes up a perfect setting for heliskiing.

Namaskar! Welcome To GujaratiLexicon.Com - World's first and most comprehensive Gujarati Language Resources. Lovers of Gujarati Language can explore various Dictionaries, Thesaurus, Antonyms and Idioms simply at the click of computer mouse. GujaratiLexicion is a result of 20 year devotion of Shri Ratilal P Chandaria and is a great boon to Gujarati Language.

An Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 46 million people worldwide.

The Gujarati Samaj of Western Australia was formed to celebrate the language and traditions of Gujarat. The samaj plays an important role in bringing people of varying backgrounds and professions together on occassions such as Navratri & Diwali.

Many strong friendships have been formed by new migrants and locals sharing the bond of a common language.

The Hakka are Han Chinese people whose ancestors are said to have originated in the Henan and Shanxi provinces of northern China over 1,700 years ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakka settled in Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces in southern China, and then they went overseas to various Chinese enclaves throughout the world. The Hakka have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and Overseas Chinese history: they particularly have been a source of revolutionary and political leaders.



Migrations and group identification
The use of the term Hakka to describe this people is thought to be comparatively recent, dating to the Qing Dynasty (c. 17th century).



Their ancestors migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval, and the invasion of foreign conquerors, since the Jin Dynasty (265-420). Subsequent migrations occurred at the end of the Tang Dynasty when China fragmented, during the middle of the Song Dynasty which saw massive depopulation of the north and a flood of refugees southward, when the Jurchens captured the northern Song capital, at the fall of the Song to the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty, and when the Ming Dynasty fell to the Manchu who formed the Qing Dynasty.



During the reign of the Qing Kangxi Emperor, the coastal regions were evacuated by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the danger posed by the remnants of the Ming court who had fled to what is now Taiwan. When the threat was eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal regions. To aid the move, each family was given money to begin their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Families" (¿Í‘ô, k¨¨h¨´).



The existing Cantonese speaking inhabitants (punti, Cantonese for native) of these areas were protective of their own more fertile lands, and the newcomers were pushed to the outer fringes of fertile plains, or they settled in more mountainous regions to eke out a living. Conflict between the two groups grew, and it is thought that "Hakka" was a term of derision used by the Punti aimed at the newcomers. Eventually, the tension between the two groups would lead to the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars.



Over time, the term "Hakka" was adopted by the newcomers to refer to themselves. However, because the term also covers Hakka language-speakers, and because the Han Chinese registered as Guest Families who migrated at the time may not have been Hakka language-speakers, and because of intermarriages among Hakka and Punti members, identification as Hakka was largely a matter of self-selection. Through studies of both Cantonese and Hakka genealogies, some Hakka and Punti people with the same surnames claim the same ancestors, although their descendants strongly identify with one group to the exclusion of the other.



The Hakka ancestors are thus but one group amongst many who migrated southwards. Hakka people now are found in the southern Chinese provinces, chiefly in Guangdong, south-western Fujian, southern Jiangxi, southern Hunan, Guangxi, southern Guizhou, south-eastern Sichuan, and on Hainan and Taiwan islands. The Hakka dialects across these various provinces differ phonologically, but the Meixian (Meizhou) dialect of Hakka is considered the archetypal spoken form of the language.



Although they frequently are distinctive in culture and language from the surrounding population, the Hakka are not considered a separate ethnic group by the Chinese people: they are seen as part of the majority Han Chinese. Indigenous settlers thought that the Hakka were not Chinese at all; but due to common ancestry, as traced in clan genealogies, Hakka descendants have been shown to be as Chinese as their neighbours. In fact, the Hakka are no more non-Han than are any other southern Han populations.[citation needed]



Historical sources shown in census statistics relate only to the general population, irrespective of particular districts, provinces, or regions. These census counts were made during imperial times. They did not distinguish what language the population spoke. Therefore they do not directly document Hakka migrations. The study by Luo Xianglin, K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties.



With population movement, it is reasonable to assume that there is mixing among newcomers and the indigenous people. A recent study showed that there is genetic diversity in the general Han Chinese population. This suggests that the southward migration of people is borne out by these DNA studies, consistent with genealogical data. Further, two main groups of modern Han Chinese are observed: a northerly Han group with genetic affinity with northerly Mongoloid peoples, and a southerly Han group which have genetic affinity with the Gin Vietnamese. This finding is consistent with the migrations experienced during the history of the Hakka, from the north to the south of China. Even though this study is not a direct study of Hakka ancestry using DNA data, it does show that all modern southern Chinese have non-Han genotypes, due to a history of intermarriage with indigenous aboriginal peoples in the places in which they came to settle.



Social and cultural influences
With limited prospects in agriculture, Hakka men have turned -- more often than have other Chinese -- toward careers in the military or public service. Consequently, the Hakka culturally emphasized education and have performed well in Imperial examinations.



Hakka society was dependent on the working abilities of women, who had to take up a larger share of the farming work while the men were studying or at war. Because the women had to work, the Hakkas did not practice foot-binding.



Due to their agrarian lifestyle, the Hakka have a unique architecture based on defense and communal living (See Hakka architecture), and a hearty savory cuisine based on preserved and fried and stewed items (See Hakka cuisine).



Hakkas in China
Hakkas in Guangdong
The Hakkas who live in Guangdong comprise about 60% of the total Hakka population. Worldwide, over 95% of the overseas-descended Hakkas came from this Guangdong region, usually from Huizhou: the Hakkas there live mostly in the eastern part of the province, particularly in the so-called Xing-Mei (Xingning-Meixian) area. Guangxi contains the second-largest Hakka community. Unlike their kin in Fujian, the Hakkas in the Xingning and Meixian area developed a non-fortress-like unique architectural style, most notably the weilongwu (Chinese: ‡úýˆÎÝ, w¨¦il¨®ngw¨±) and sijiaolou (Chinese: ËĽǘÇ, s¨¬j¨«aol¨®u).



Hakkas in Fujian
The Hakkas who settled in the mountainous region of south-western Fujian province, developed a unique form of architectural building known as tu lou (ÍÁ˜Ç), literally meaning earthen structures. The tu lou are either round or square, and were designed as a combined large fortress and multi-apartment building complex. The structures typically had only one entrance-way, with no windows at ground level. Each floor served a different function: the first floor containing a well and livestock, the second food storage and the third and higher floors contain living spaces. Tu-lou were built to withstand attack from bandits and marauders.





Hakkas in Taiwan
In Taiwan, Hakka people comprise about 15% of the population and are descended largely from Guangdong: they form the third largest population group on the island. Many Hakka moved to lands high up in the hills or remote mountains to escape political persecution. Many of the Hakka people continue to live in these hilly locations of Taiwan.



Taiwan's Hakka are concentrated in Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, and around Jhongli in Taoyuan County, and Meinong in Kaohsiung County, and in Pingtong County, with smaller presences in Hualian and Taitung County. In recent decades many Hakka have moved to the largest metropolitan areas, including Taipei and Kaohsiung.



Hakkas in Hong Kong
The Hakkas in Hong Kong are concentrated in the villages and small towns in the New Territories. They farm high and difficult terrain because when they arrived in Hong Kong the Punti had already occupied the best land. The Hakka and the Punti are very different. For instance, the Hakka people actually speak a more standard Cantonese than the Punti, who talk with a thick accent. Also, the Hakka women never bound their feet, unlike the traditional Chinese.



Hakkas worldwide
The Hakkas have emigrated to many regions worldwide, notably, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand.



Hakka people also emigrated to Australia, Brunei, Canada, the United States, and to many countries in Europe, including Great Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Hakka people also are found in South Africa and Mauritius, on the islands of the Caribbean (Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, and in Central and South America, particularly in Panama. Most expatriate Hakka in Great Britain have ties to Hong Kong, many emigrated when Hong Kong still was a British colony. There once was a sizable Hakka community in Calcutta, but most there have migrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, or Taiwan. Today there are about 90-100 million Hakka speakers around the world.



Hakkas in Indonesia
Hakka people in Indonesia are found primarily in cities in Western Kalimantan (Borneo), such as Pontianak, Singkawang, and towns along the Kapuas River. They are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated from China in the late 19th century. (It is said that the first migrants wore Qing-style ponytails.) Hakka also are found on the Indonesian islands of Bangka and Belitung. However most have moved on to the city of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia.



Hakkas on the island of Bangka have a very interesting accents scheme, said to be heavily influenced by the Malay native language. Because Chinese languages are dependent upon intonation, to convey meaning, slight difference in intonation can change the meaning entirely. The Hakka spoken by the islanders has such a different intonation that their spoken language is hardly intelligible to Hakkas from other regions.



Hakkas in East Timor
Ethnic Hakka people in a wedding in East Timor, 2006There was a relatively large and vibrant Hakka community in East Timor before the Indonesian invasion in 1975. During the invasion many Hakka were slaughtered, while others escaped to Australia. Now they can be found in Darwin and spread-out in major cities such as Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. They often are highly-educated, and many continue their educations in Taiwan or China. The Australian government took some years to assess their claims to political asylum in order to establish their credentials as genuine refugees and not illegal immigrants. As no Asian country was willing to accept them as residents, or grant political asylum to displaced Hakka and other Timorese, they were forced to live as stateless persons for a time.

Maasai is an Eastern Nilotic language spoken in Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania by the Maasai people, numbering about 900,000. It is closely related to the other Maa varieties Samburu, the language of the Samburu people of central Kenya, and to Chamus, spoken south and southeast of Lake Baringo. The Maasai, Samburu and il-Chamus people are historically related and all refer to their language as ɔl Maa.

The Malay language, also known locally as bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau islands, and parts of the coast of Borneo. It is an official language of Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore. It is very similar to Indonesian, known locally as Bahasa Indonesia, the official language of Indonesia. The official standard for Malay, as agreed upon by Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, is the form spoken in the Riau Islands just south of Singapore, long considered the birthplace of the Malay language.

Maltese is the national language of Malta, and an official language of the European Union. It is the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet in its standard form.Apart from its phonology, Maltese bears considerable similarity to urban varieties of Tunisian Arabic and other North African Arabic dialects, however in the course of history, the language has adopted numerous loanwords, phonetic and phonological features, and even morphological and syntactic patterns from Sicilian, Italian, and English.

Bamileke is a group of languages spoken by the Bamileke in the western grasslands of Cameroon.

Bantu is a major language family of Africa, belonging to the Niger-Congo parent family (or phylum). Bantu languages are spoken in south Cameroon, and in the south-eastern region of Nigeria close to the Cameroonian border, in Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and the southern tip of Somalia, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa. This wide expansion makes the Bantu family the most widespread language family in Africa, with about 310 million speakers.

Bari is the languge of the Sudan Bari and Kuku people. It is an Eastern Nilotic language, and has several dialects. According to the SIL and The Ethnologue, there were 420,000 speakers of Bari in Sudan 2000.Bari is a tone language. It has vowel harmony, subject-verb-object word order, and agglutinative verbal morphology with some suppletion. A very competent dictionary and grammar were published in the 1930s, but are very difficult to find today. More recently, a dissertation has been published on Bari tonal phonology, and another dissertation on Bari syntax is available.

The Belarusian language is the language of the Belarusian people. It is one of the three East Slavonic languages and is spoken in Belarus and abroad. It shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighbouring Slavic nations, notably with Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian.

Bhojpuri is a popular regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. It is spoken in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal. Bhojpuri is also spoken in Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago and Mauritius and is often said to be the only Indian language to be spoken on all continents.

Blackfoot is the name of any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot tribe of Native Americans, who currently live in the northwestern plains of North America.Like the other Algonquian languages, Blackfoot is typologically polysynthetic. Whorf hypothesized that it was oligosynthetic, but mainstream linguistics has rejected this.Of all the Algonquian languages, Blackfoot is often said to have diverged most drastically from Proto-Algonquian.

Bulgarian is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic languages. Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from other Slavic languages, such as the elimination of noun declension, the development of a suffixed definite article ,the lack of a verb infinitive, and the retention and further development of the proto-Slavic verb system.

Cambodian, the language of the Khmer people of Cambodia, is one of the main Austroasiatic languages. Sanskrit and Pali have had considerable influence on the language, through the vehicles of Buddhism and Hinduism. As result of their geographic proximity, the Khmer language has influenced Thai and Lao and vice versa.

Cantonese is a major dialect group or language of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. Cantonese is spoken by 71 million[3] people. It is mainly spoken in most parts of Guangdong and some parts of Guangxi in southern Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, by Chinese minorities in Southeast Asia and by many overseas Chinese of Guangdong and Hong Kong origin worldwide. The name is derived from Canton, a former romanized Western name for Guangdong.

The Cariban languages are an indigenous language family of South America. Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo to Central Brazil. Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language. Because of this, the exact number of Cariban languages is not known with certainty The Cariban family is well known in the linguistic world due to Hixkaryana, a language with Object-Verb-Subject sentences, previously thought not to exist in human language.

Catalan IPA is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Valencia and Catalonia. Spain has the majority of active Catalan speakers. It is spoken or understood by approximately 10 million people who live not only in Andorra and Spain, but also in parts of southwestern France and in the city of Alghero in Sardinia, Italy.

Cebuano, also known as Sugboanon, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20,000,000 people and is a subgroup or member of Bisaya, Visayan and Binisayâ. The name came from the Philippine island of Cebu, with the Spanish suffix -ano meaning native, of a place, added at the end. Cebuano is given the ISO 639-2 three letter code ceb, but has no ISO 639-1 two letter code.

The Chechen language is spoken by more than 1.3 million people, mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people elsewhere.

The Cheyenne language is a Native American language spoken in present-day Montana and Oklahoma, USA. It is part of the Algonquian language family. Like all Algonquian languages, it has complex agglutinative morphology.

Chichewa is a language of the Bantu language family widely spoken in south-central Africa. The prefix chi-, also spelled ci-, means "language", and hence the language is also known simply as Chewa or Nyanja. Chingoni and Chikunda are mutually intelligible dialects of the language.

Czech is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian, and Lusatian Sorbian. It is spoken by most people in the Czech Republic and by Czechs all over the world. Czech is very close to Slovak and, to a lesser degree, to Polish. Czech and Slovak are usually mutually intelligible, however people born after ~1985 may have difficulty understanding the few words that differ significantly or understanding fast spoken language. Most adult Czechs and Slovaks are able to understand each other without difficulty as they were routinely exposed to both languages on Czechoslovak national TV and radio until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.

English is a widely distributed language, originating in England, that is currently the primary language of a number of countries. It is extensively used as a second language and as an official language in many other countries. English is the most widely taught and understood language in the world, and sometimes is described as a world lingua

Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western India.It serves as the official language of the state of Maharashtra, with roughly ninety million fluent speakers worldwide. Marathi ranks 4th in India according to the number of speakers as their primary language. Along with Bengali, Marathi is the oldest of the regional literatures in Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about AD 1000.

Faliscan language, the language of the ancient Falisci, is preserved in some 36 short inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, and is written in a variety of the Old Italic alphabet derived from the Etruscan, and written from right to left, but showing some traces of the influence of the Latin alphabet.

Fur language is the language of the Fur of Darfur in western Sudan. It belongs to the Fur branch of the Nilo-Saharan phylum. It has about 900,000 speakers

Georgian is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself, and of another 500,000 abroad.It is the literary language for all ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those who speak other South Caucasian languages Svans, Megrelians, and the Laz. Gruzinic, or "Kivruli", sometimes considered a separate Jewish language, is spoken by an additional 20,000 in Georgia and 65,000 elsewhere.

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language, part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is one of the 22 official languages and 14 regional languages of India, and one of the minority languages of neighboring Pakistan. There are about 46 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 23rd most spoken language in the world.

Harari is the language of the Harari people of Ethiopia. According to the 1998 Ethiopian census, it is spoken by 21,283 people. Most of its speakers are multilingual in Amharic and/or Oromo. Harari is closely related to Zay and Silt'e.Originally written in the Arabic script, it has recently converted to the Ge'ez alphabet.

Hopi is an Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Hopi people of northeastern Arizona, USA, although today some Hopi are monolingual English speakers.The use of the language gradually declined over the course of the 20th century. In 1990, it was estimated that over 5,000 other people could speak Hopi natively, at least 40 of them monolingual

Japanese is a language spoken by over 130 million people, mainly in Japan, but also by Japanese emigrant communities around the world. It is an agglutinative language and is distinguished by a complex system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary to indicate the relative status of speaker, listener and the person mentioned in conversation. The sound inventory of Japanese is relatively small, and has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system.

Javanese language is the spoken language of the people in the central and eastern part of the island of Java, in Indonesia. It is the native language of more than 75,500,000 people.The Javanese language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and Malay. Many speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and business purposes, and to communicate with non-Javanese Indonesians.

Kabardian language is closely related to the Adyghe language, both members of the Northwest Caucasian language family, mainly spoken in Kabardino-Balkar Republic and Karachay-Cherkess Republic of Russia

Kannada is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. It is the 29th most spoken language in the world, with speakers of its various dialects numbering roughly 64 million, of which 55 million use it as their first language. It is the state language of Karnataka, one of the four southern states in India. It is also one of the official languages of the Republic of India. It is written using the Kannada script.

Kanuri is a dialect continuum spoken by approximately 4 million people in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, as well as small minorities in southern Libya and by a diaspora in Sudan. It belongs to the Western Saharan subphylum of Nilo-Saharan. Kanuri is the language associated with the Kanem and Bornu empires which dominated the Lake Chad region for a thousand years.

Khanty language, also known as the Ostyak language, is a language of the Khant peoples. It is spoken in Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, as well as in Alexandrovsky and Kargosoksky Districts of Tomsk Oblast in Russia. According to the 1994 Salminen and 1994 Janhunen study, there were 12,000 Khanty-speaking people in Russia. The Khanty and Mansi languages are the Ob Ugric members of the Finno-Ugric languages.

Khasi is an Austro-Asiatic language spoken primarily in Meghalaya state in India. Khasi is part of the Mon-Khmer group of languages, and is distantly related to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic family, which is found in east-central India.